Normal active range of motion of lower extremity joints of the healthy young adults in Cairo, Egypt

Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy

Table 2 Subject positioning and goniometer placement during active range of motion measurement

Joint movement	Subject position	Fixed arm of goniometer	Movable arm of goniometer	Fulcrum
Hip - Flexion - Extension	Supine prone	Lateral midline of the pelvis	Lateral midline of the femur toward the lateral femoral epicondyle	Over the greater trochanter
- Abduction - Adduction	Supine	Placed on a line between the anterior superior iliac spines	Parallel to the anterior midline of the femur toward the midline of the patella	The ASIS of the tested side
- Hip rotation	Sitting on table edge	Parallel to the ground	Parallel to the tibia	Anterior aspect of the patella
Knee* - Flexion/extension	Supine	Parallel to the lateral midline of the femur	Parallel to the lateral midline of the fibula	The lateral epicondyle of the femur
Ankle - Dorsiflexion - Planter flexion	Sitting on table edge	Placed parallel to the lateral midline of the fibula	Placed parallel to the lateral midline of the fifth metatarsal bone	Over the lateral aspect of the lateral malleolus
Subtalar - Eversion - Inversion	Prone	Over the posterior midline of the lower leg	Over the posterior midline of the calcaneus	Over the posterior aspect of the ankle midway between the malleoli

ASIS anterior superior iliac spine
*Knee joint extension is considered 0 (full extension) position, and flexion was measured from it