The effect of treadmill walk with abdominal bracing versus usual care on functional limitation and fear-avoidance behaviours in the management of non-specific low back pain—a randomized control study

Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy

Table 2 Pre- and post-intervention scores of pain intensity. Functional limitation and fear-avoidance behaviours among the participants

Groups	TWAB	TWW	Usual care	F value	P value
Groups	Mean (±SD)	Mean (±SD)	Mean (±SD)		P value
Pain intensity scores (s)
Pre-intervention	58.8±20.46	52.08±22.4	63.75±16.01	1.224	0.307
Post-intervention	35.00±25.49	24.17±16.49	47.5± 23.40	3.340	0.048*
t value	6.250	4.185	2.751
p value	0.0001*	0.002*	0.019*
Functional limitation scores (s)
Pre-intervention	24.0±10.03	20.83±10.38)	31.6±10.17	3.235	0.52
Post-intervention	13.9±6.61	7.00±5.97	27.3±13.72	4.369	0.001^*
t value	3.921	3.802	0.889
P value	0.002*	0.003*	0.393
Fear-avoidance belief scores (s)
Pre-intervention	61.08±13.04	54.00±25.07	60.75±18.53	0.503	0.609
Post-intervention	45.42±18.81	30.83±17.90	58.16±17.26	6.923	.003^*
t value	3.389	3.767	0.829
p value	0.006^*	0.003*	0.425

*Significant below
The pre-intervention scores of pain intensity. Functional disability and fear-avoidance did not differ significantly among the 3 groups (P > 0.05). Reduction in post-intervention pain intensity functional limitation was recorded by the 3 groups. The usual care group did not show improvements in the Fear-avoidance behaviour (58.16±17.26, p = 0.425) scores which were recorded by the TWW and TWAB groups The greatest improvement in terms of reduction in pain intensity (24.17±16.49), functional limitation (7.00±5.97) and fear-avoidance (30.83±17.90) were recorded by TWW group while the least improvements in pain functional limitation and fear-avoidance were recorded by the usual care group (Table 2) (P < 0.05)