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Table 3 The relationship between premenstrual syndrome severity and consumption of foods

From: Do dietary habits affect the premenstrual syndrome severity among a cohort of Egyptian females? A cross-sectional study

Consumption of foods

Premenstrual syndrome

Mild (N = 16)

Moderate (N = 60)

Severe (N = 24)

χ2 value

p-value

Consumption of foods made from grains as rice, bread, pasta, and noodles

One-two times per day

11 (68.8%)

33 (55%)

10 (41.7%)

4.167

0.641

Two-four times per month

0 (0%)

2 (3.3%)

1 (4.2%)

Two-four times per week

5 (31.3%)

19 (31.7%)

11 (45.8%)

No

0 (0%)

6 (10%)

2 (8.3%)

Consumption of tubers as white roots (white radish), sweet potatoes, and potatoes

One-two times per day

4 (25%)

1 (1.7%)

3 (12.5%)

13.131

0.03*

Two-four times per month

2 (12.5%)

17 (28.3%)

10 (41.7%)

Two-four times per week

4 (25%)

20 (33.3%)

5 (20.8%)

No

6 (37.5%)

22 (36.7%)

6 (25%)

Consumption of pulses (beans, peas, hummus, and lentils)

One-two times per day

3 (18.8%)

6 (10%)

2 (8.3%)

7.649

0.219

Two-four times per month

11 (68.8%)

25 (41.7%)

11 (45.8%)

Two-four times per week

2 (12.5%)

26 (43.3%)

9 (37.5%)

No

0 (0%)

3 (5%)

2 (8.3%)

Consumption of nuts and seeds

One-two times per day

2 (12.5%)

5 (8.3%)

1 (4.2%)

4.307

0.644

Two-four times per month

11 (68.8%)

33 (55%)

14 (58.3%)

Two-four times per week

1 (6.3%)

13 (21.7%)

7 (29.2%)

No

2 (12.5%)

9 (15%)

2 (8.3%)

Consumption of dairy products as milk, cheese, yogurt

One-two times per day

10 (62.5%)

33 (55%)

11 (45.8%)

6.831

0.270

Two-four times per month

1 (6.3%)

2 (3.3%)

1 (4.2%)

Two-four times per week

5 (31.3%)

18 (30%)

12 (50%)

No

0 (0%)

7 (11.7%)

0 (0%)

Consumption of organ meat like liver, heart, and kidney

One-two times per day

1 (6.3%)

0 (0%)

1 (4.2%)

8.065

0.165

Two-four times per month

11 (68.8%)

36 (60%)

13 (54.2%)

Two-four times per week

2 (12.5%)

3 (5%)

1 (4.2%)

No

2 (12.5%)

21 (35%)

9 (37.5%)

Consumption of meat

One-two times per day

7 (43.8%)

24 (40%)

4 (16.7%)

7.148

0.246

Two-four times per month

2 (12.5%)

3 (5%)

3 (12.5%)

Two-four times per week

7 (43.8%)

31 (51.7%)

16 (66.7%)

No

0 (0%)

2 (3.3%)

1 (4.2%)

Consumption of fish and seafood

One-two times per day

0 (0%)

1 (1.7%)

0 (0%)

15.070

0.008*

Two-four times per month

13 (81.3%)

27 (45%)

5 (20.8%)

Two-four times per week

3 (18.8%)

26 (43.3%)

16 (66.7%)

No

0 (0%)

6 (10%)

3 (12.5%)

Consumption of eggs from poultry

One-two times per day

4 (25%)

17 (28.3%)

9 (37.5%)

7.218

0.282

Two-four times per month

4 (25%)

17 (28.3%)

2 (8.3%)

Two-four times per week

8 (50%)

21 (35%)

9 (37.5%)

No

0 (0%)

5 (8.3%)

4 (16.7%)

Consumption of dark green leafy vegetables

One-two times per day

5 (31.3%)

21 (35%)

9 (37.5%)

7.480

0.236

Two-four times per month

2 (12.5%)

9 (15%)

2 (8.3%)

Two-four times per week

9 (56.3%)

29 (48.3%)

9 (37.5%)

No

0 (0%)

1 (1.7%)

4 (16.7%)

Consumption of vitamin A-rich vegetables like pumpkin, carrots, and sweet potatoes

One-two times per day

4 (25%)

8 (13.3%)

2 (8.3%)

7.634

0.256

Two-four times per month

7 (43.8%)

21 (35%)

6 (25%)

Two-four times per week

4 (25%)

20 (33.3%)

7 (29.2%)

No

1 (6.3%)

11 (18.3%)

9 (37.5%)

Consumption of vitamin A-rich fruits as mango and papaya

One-two times per day

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

3 (12.5%)

7.949

0.199

Two-four times per month

10 (62.5%)

34 (56.7%)

12 (50%)

Two-four times per week

3 (18.8%)

14 (23.3%)

3 (12.5%)

No

3 (18.8%)

12 (20%)

6 (25%)

Consumption of other vegetables and fruits

One-two times per day

7 (43.8%)

22 (36.7%)

9 (37.5%)

6.179

0.377

Two-four times per month

1 (6.3%)

9 (15%)

5 (20.8%)

Two-four times per week

5 (31.3%)

27 (45%)

9 (37.5%)

No

3 (18.8%)

2 (3.3%)

1 (4.2%)

Consumption of oils and fats or butter (oils from nuts, seeds, and all animal fat)

One-two times per day

6 (37.5%)

26 (43.3%)

7 (29.2%)

4.503

0.611

Two-four times per month

3 (18.8%)

5 (8.3%)

2 (8.3%)

Two-four times per week

7 (43.8%)

25 (41.7%)

12 (50%)

No

0 (0%)

4 (6.7%)

3 (12.5%)

Consumption of fried snacks as chips and crisps

One-two times per day

2 (12.5%)

9 (15%)

8 (33.3%)

7.995

0.227

Two-four times per month

5 (31.3%)

10 (16.7%)

1 (4.2%)

Two-four times per week

7 (43.8%)

27 (45%)

10 (41.7%)

No

2 (12.5%)

14 (23.3%)

5 (20.8%)

Consumption of sweets like chocolate, cakes, candies, cookies, sweet biscuits, or ice cream

One-two times per day

3 (18.8%)

19 (31.7%)

6 (25%)

5.358

0.493

Two-four times per month

5 (31.3%)

12 (20%)

3 (12.5%)

Two-four times per week

8 (50%)

22 (36.7%)

13 (54.2%)

No

0 (0%)

7 (11.7%)

2 (8.3%)

Consumption of sweetened fruit juices, chocolate drinks, yogurt drinks, sweet tea, or coffee with sugar

One-two times per day

2 (12.5%)

19 (31.7%)

6 (25%)

5.517

0.479

Two-four times per month

4 (25%)

6 (10%)

2 (8.3%)

Two-four times per week

7 (43.8%)

21 (35%)

12 (50%)

No

3 (18.8%)

14 (23.3%)

4 (16.7%)

Consumption of pickles, olives, and similar

One-two times per day

0 (0%)

6 (10%)

5 (20.8%)

7.391

0.272

Two-four times per month

5 (31.3%)

13 (21.7%)

3 (12.5%)

Two-four times per week

7 (43.8%)

16 (26.7%)

8 (33.3%)

No

4 (25%)

25 (41.7%)

8 (33.3%)

Consumption of seasonings as chilies, spices, and herbs

One-two times per day

0 (0%)

11 (18.3%)

0 (0%)

11.874

0.051

Two-four times per month

6 (37.5%)

8 (13.3%)

6 (25%)

Two-four times per week

6 (37.5%)

22 (36.7%)

12 (50%)

No

4 (25%)

19 (31.7%)

6 (25%)

Consumption of tea or coffee if not sweetened

One-two times per day

5 (31.3%)

16 (26.7%)

1 (4.2%)

9.365

0.126

Two-four times per month

1 (6.3%)

3 (5%)

3 (12.5%)

Two-four times per week

3 (18.8%)

12 (20%)

3 (12.5%)

No

7 (43.8%)

29 (48.3%)

17 (70.8%)

  1. χ2 Fisher exact test. p-value probability value. *Significant