Table 1 The summary of results of the extracted data
From: Chronic neck pain and respiratory dysfunction: a review paper
Authors | Participants | Respiratory parameters | Musculoskeletal parameters | Other parameters | Intervention | Summary of results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maria A. Perri et al. [13] | Neck pain = 36, other musculoskeletal pain = 46, no pain = 12 | Breathing pattern | VAS | – | – | 87.2% participants had some musculoskeletal pain. Out of these, 56.4% had faulty relaxed breathing and 75% had faulty breathing when taking a deep breath. Eighty-three percent of neck pain patients had faulty breathing pattern, and there was a significant correlation between VAS of neck pain and dysfunctional respiratory mechanics |
Kapreli E et al. [9] | CNP = 12, healthy subjects = 12 | FVC, VC, PEF, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, FEF and MVV, Pimax, and Pemax | FHP, VAS | NDI | - | CNP patients had significant reductions in Pimax, Pemax, and MVV in comparison with controls. A strong association between increased FHP and decreased respiratory muscle strength in neck pain patients was found. A negative correlation of Pimax and Pemax with FHP was seen |
McLaughlin L et al. [14] | Neck pain = 12, back pain = 8, both = 9 | ETCO2 | Numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) | Patient-specific functional scale (PSFS) | Retraining in the form of manual therapy/motor control approach, awareness training, and biofeedback with the capnograph | ETCO2 values decreased in all subjects. Significant improvement was seen in NPRS and PSFS. Breathing retraining improved ETCO2, pain, and function in all patients |
Dimitriadis Z et al. [8] | CNP = 45, healthy subjects = 45 | MIP and MEP | VAS, strength of neck flexors and extensors, endurance of deep neck flexors, cervical range of movement, FHP | NDI, Baecke Questionnaire of Habitual Physical Activity, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, Pain Catastrophizing Scale | – | CNP patients had weak neck flexors and extensors, reduced cervical mobility, and impaired deep neck flexors. A reduction in MIP and MEP was found in CNP patients. MIP was significantly correlated with the strength of neck flexors, extensors, kinesiophobia, and catastrophizing. MEP was significantly correlated with the strength of neck flexors, extensors, pain intensity, NDI, kinesiophobia, and catastrophizing |
Dimitriadis Z et al. [10] | CNP = 45, healthy subjects = 45 | VC, FEV1, FVC, PEF, FEF, and MVV | Neck muscle strength, cervical range of motion, endurance of deep neck flexors, FHP | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, NDI | – | Reduced neck extensor strength, reduced active cervical mobility, and impaired function of the deep neck flexors were found in CNP patients. VC and MVV were significantly correlated with neck muscle strength, pain intensity, and kinesiophobia. PEF was significantly correlated with neck muscle strength and pain intensity |
Wirth B et al. [7] | CNP = 19, healthy subjects = 19 | FVC, PEF, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, FEF MVV, Pimax, Pemax, and chest expansion | CROM, forward head posture, thoracic mobility, and neck flexor muscle endurance | NDI | – | Pimax, Pemax, and MVV were reduced in CNP patients but were not statistically significant. Cervical mobility was significantly reduced in all movements, but no change was noted in thoracic spine mobility, chest mobility, FHP, and endurance of the neck flexor muscle. MVV and neck motions had significant and fair relations with thoracic flexion and chest mobility. Significant and fair correlations were seen between thoracic flexion and neck muscle endurance, chest expansion, and FHP. NDI had a significant correlation to Pimax, Pemax, and MVV |
Yalcinkaya H et al. [15] | CNP = 80, healthy subjects = 80 | VO2 max, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, FEF25–75, PEF, MVV | Handgrip, back-leg strengths, trunk flexibility, pain pressure threshold | Daily physical activity, body composition, NDI, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Short-Form health survey (SF-36) | Handgrip, back-leg strengths, suboccipital and paraspinal-C7 pain pressure threshold, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were lower, whereas PSQI, BAI, and BDI were higher in female patients with CNP compared to healthy controls. VO2 max and HRQoL were lower, and body fat percentage and PSQI were higher in male patients with CNP compared to healthy controls. Trunk flexibility and PFT values were not significantly different between the patients and the controls in both genders | |
Yeampattanaporn O et al. [16] | CNP = 36 | Pulmonary function test, chest expansion | Pain intensity, CROM, neck muscle activity | Re-education of breathing patterns for 30 min | The pain intensity and the muscle activity were significantly decreased after re-education. The CROM and chest expansion at the lower rib cage was significantly increased after re-education | |
Moawd A et al. [17] | CNP = 47, healthy subjects = 47 | VC, IC, ERV, VT, FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC. MIP and MEP | CROM | CNP patients had a significant reduction in CROM for extension, lateral flexion, and rotation. Significant differences were seen between the groups in IC, ERV, FEV1, and FVC. No difference was seen in FEV1/FVC. CNP patients were found to have significantly reduced MIP and MEP | ||
Wirth B et al. [18] | Neck pain = 15 | VC, FVC, FEV, PEF, MEF, and MVV. Pimax, Pemax, and respiratory endurance test | Cervical and thoracic ROM, endurance of cervical muscles, forward head posture; cranio-vertebral angle | Neck disability index, Bournemouth questionnaire, patient global impression change | Respiratory muscle endurance training—5 sessions of 30 min/week for 4 weeks | RMET increased respiratory endurance test, VC, MVV, chest expansion (axillary level), Pimax, Pemax, and endurance of neck flexors, whereas it decreased NDI and Bournemouth score significantly |
Vikram M et al. [19] | CNP = 10 (5 in the control group and 5 in the experimental group) | MVV, chest expansion | Graduated numbered visual analog scale, cervical ROM | NDI | Routine physiotherapy for both groups. Additional respiratory exercise program for the experimental group | Significant increase in MVV and reduction in pain was found posttreatment in the experimental group as compared to the control group |
IbaiLo´pez-de-Uralde-Villanueva et al. [20] | CNP = 44, healthy subjects = 31 | MIP, MEP, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF | Pain intensity, CROM, FHP, and strength of cervical muscles | NDI, kinesiophobia, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale | – | Significant reduction in MIP, MEP, and CROM was found in neck pain patients, whereas no statistically significant reduction was found in the values of FEV1 and PEF |
Cheon JH et al. [21] | CNP = 48, healthy subjects = 30 | MIP, MEP | Cervical lordotic curvature, thoracic kyphotic curvature, thoracic sagittal range of motion | NDI | – | In males, thoracic sagittal ROMMEP-MIP and MEP showed a significant difference between the control group and the CNP group. In females, thoracic kyphotic curvature, thoracic sagittal ROMMEP-MIP, MIP, and MEP were significantly different between the CNP group and the no cervical pain group. Thoracic kyphotic curvature and thoracic sagittal ROMMEP-MIP was significantly correlated with NDI, MEP, and MIP in all participants |
Solakoğlu Ö et al. [22] | Neck pain = 99 | Chest expansion, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, FEF25%, FEF50%, FEF75%, and FEF25-75%, PEF, MVV, Pimax and Pemax | VAS, FHP | MNDI | – | A negative correlation between the FHP and expiratory muscle strength was observed. Similarly, a negative correlation between C7 vertebra position and Pemax, FEV1/FVC, FEF 25%, FEF 50%, FEF 75%, and FEF 25–75% was found. Also, a negative correlation was found between neck disability and chest expansion, MVV |
Awadallah M F [23] | Neck pain = 75, healthy subjects = 75 | FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, FEF 25–75%, PEFR | VAS, CROM | NDI | – | FVC, FEV1, FEF 25–75%, and PEFR were found to be reduced in neck pain patients with higher FEV1/FVC values indicating a restrictive pattern |