CP is reported to have various prevalence rates and clinical patterns between geographical areas. This may be because of different causes including etiological factors, use of different classification systems, quality of the study, and sample size included in the study. With increase in numbers and quality of healthcare facilities, actual survival rates of pre-mature and low birth weight babies have increased. A recent systematic review by Chauhan et al. (2019) has described paucity of high-quality population-based prevalence studies on CP in India and reported overall pooled prevalence of CP per 1000 live births to be 2.95. They also emphasized the need for a large-scale good quality community-based studies for evaluating risk factors and clinical profiles of CP children from different age groups [2].
Present study included 481 children with CP from 7 cities and towns of Gujarat. As 4 of these regions were large metro cities of more than 20 lakh population, the proportionate data gathered from these cities can be considered as representative. Most of the data was received from clinical setups providing the CP children with physiotherapy and rehabilitation services, which shows the extent of reach of rehabilitative efforts in Gujarat.
Four hundred twenty-four caregivers of the CP children included in this study were females out of which 389 were mothers of the children. These findings concur with the findings of many studies across globe depicting similar findings that mothers bear the primary responsibility of caregiving and are usually the first victims of parenting stress [11,12,13]. Out of all the respondents, majority were in the age group of 28–37 years (n=345, 71.73%) suggestive probable role of age associated expectations and responsibilities affecting the process of parenting. Parkes et al. (2011) conducted a study to assess impact of the caring for CP child across Europe and observed that the young parents with higher educational qualifications have a specific perception regarding their expectations and ambitions and consider caring for a child with disability more stressful [14]. Similarly, Qayyum et al. (2013) described the role of parental education and pressure of social acceptance to be more in the young and educated parents of CP children [15].
More than 50% participants (n=285, 59.25%) had at least graduate level education. Conclusions of study by Barbosa et al. (2016) and Parkes et al. (2011) suggested that low education levels increase hindrances for effective social integration of caregivers, children, and their families, thereby affecting the quality of life of parents [14, 16]. Parental occupation has shown to be one of the causative factors associated with stress in parents of CP children in a previous study [17]. In a study by Lowes, Clark, and Noritz (2016), parents having full-time and part time professional or trade-related occupation were found to be having comparatively less total stress. In the cases where both the parents were unemployed, the levels of stress were found significantly high [18]. Contradicting results were found in a previous study where the parents who worked as professionals, managers, and small businessmen were found prone to stress and the probable reasons for that as described by authors were impaired sense of competence, restrictions on other life roles, marital conflicts, lack of social support, and depression [19].
Marital status of the caregiver is reported as one of the important factors affecting caregiver wellbeing and quality of life of child with CP. While western studies have shown significant correlation and effect of marital status on parenting and vice versa, the studies in India and Bangladesh have shown that marital status may impact the caregiving process but it is not affected due to the child’s disability or burden of caregiving associated with it [20, 21].
In the present study, majority of the children were boys (n=325, 67.57%). This suggests the commonly reported fact that the prevalence of CP is higher in male as compared to the female [1, 22]. Most of the children were from the 2–8 years age group (n=294, 61.12%) indicating one of the probable factors affecting the experiences of parenting. As the age of children increase, the height and weight also increase in proportion to it. The active phase of physical growth can lead to various musculoskeletal problems, in parents, due to lifting and carrying children. The requirement of change of assistive device, individual transportation vehicle, child’s emotional, and behavioral changes, etc., can lead to further increase in burden of parenting the child. A higher number of cases of spastic diplegic CP (42.83%), followed by spastic hemiplegia, dyskinetic, spastic quadriplegic, and ataxic types of CP, are similar to other studies from India as well as from other countries [23, 24]. Previous studies from more developed countries have reported hemiplegia as the most common form of spastic CP [25], and athetoid CP, particularly secondary to neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, has reported to be disappeared from many parts of the developed world, although, studies suggest a significant proportion of CP cases in India [26].
The families of children with CP were mostly joint families (n=339, 70.48%) having more than 4 members (n=302, 62.79%) and less than 2 children in family (n=374, 77.75%). Joint families were reported to be the source of pressure and time-crunch in a previous study on Indian parents done by Upadhyaya and Havalappanavar in 2008 [27]. In most families, the earning member of family was reported to be one only (n=226, 46.99%) and monthly family income of more than 20,000 INR (n=274, 57%). Majority families were residing in house of ownership (n=325, 67.57%) with less than 3 rooms (n=341, 70.89%) and availed toilet facility within home (n=280, 58.21%), clean drinking water (n=453, 94.18%), and household electricity (n=474, 98.54%). These findings are suggestive of a higher-middle class lifestyle for the parents included in the sample for present study. Delialoglu et al. (2009) found out difference between depression levels between mothers of children with CP and mothers with normal children and concluded additional factors such as family income are associated with higher depression levels in mothers of children with CP [28]. Many studies in India have also reported that economical stress is one of the most common reasons for parenting difficulties especially for parents of disabled children and has been correlated with higher levels of parental stress, distress, anxiety, depression, and caregiver burden, etc. [6, 29, 30].
Most of the children were born at hospital or clinic by a qualified doctor (n=401, 83.37%) suggesting the reach of medical services to most of the population and general awareness of people regarding the same. The results of 2 different studies in Indian population concur with the results of present study [23, 31]. Out of 481 children, 93.76% were having single birth whereas 38.05% were delivered at full term through normal delivery. Respondents reported total 36.38% cases of full-term delivery with significant perinatal event which is almost as much as the normal full-term delivery. Preterm deliveries with or without any significant events are considered a risk factor for CP. It was observed that approximately 25.57% of total children had history of preterm birth which can be considered significant. Many recent studies show a gradual rise in the prevalence of CP due to increase in number of children with low and very low birth weight because of the change in the survival of low and very low birth weight infants [23]. Birth asphyxia was previously proposed to be an important perinatal factor, but recently, the role of birth asphyxia in the causation of CP has been questioned. Along with asphyxia, multiple pregnancies, instrumental delivery, and cesarean section have been reported as important risk factors by Nafi (2011) in Jordanian children with CP [32].
Another significant risk factor for CP is birth weight of the child. In present study, approximately 54.27% children were born in low birth weight to extremely low birth weight categories. More than 55% of the children had a history of admission in NICU for more than 1 day due to any reason. This suggests that NICU admission is one of the most important factors which can be useful in the prediction of a probable developmental delay [33, 34]. It was reported that 64.4% of the children were not advised for neurodevelopmental follow-up by the consulting physician, suggesting a lack of such practice pattern in an Indian scenario. As there is a scarcity of a reliable source of literature suggesting effects of low birth weight, history and duration of NICU admission, and practices in neurodevelopmental follow-up practices for the population under study, it is not possible to compare these observations and comment on the generalization of these data.
When asked to report their complaints about their child’s problems, most of the time, responses were found to be associated with movement difficulties (n=178, 37.01%). This shows that generally parents’ primary concern is the motor disability or movement disorders, which can be due to ease of recognizing and comparing motor milestones with children in the same age group. The findings are supported by observations of Qayyum et al. (2013) in a study of Pakistani primary caregivers of children with disabilities, where they reported that most of the responses were related to deformities that were visibly noticed and recognized, including deformity of any of the functional body parts or anywhere in the body [15]. As reported by Nafi (2011), speech delay was the most common associated problem followed by mental retardation, seizures, hearing problems, and autism [32].
As reported by caregivers, GMFCS levels for most of the children were between level 3 and level 4 (i.e., 76.30% of total children). This is suggestive that the children had limited mobility with or without assistance from a device or physical assistance and were able to access community with help. It was expected that the parents or caregivers in India and especially Gujarat will be less familiar with the concept and classification, which was proven to be true in most of the cases except an exclusion of the clinical rehabilitation setup at Rajkot. Here, all the parents (n=48) were explained about the system and were taught to identify the current level as well as any change in level of motor functioning of their child. It was done as a part of their regular parent awareness sessions where the center provided parents with basic education about the condition, handling and treatment techniques, observation strategies, assistive aids, etc. These kinds of practices can lead to major changes in perceptions and practices of parenting a CP child and are expected to be followed in widespread manner in the field.
Limitations of the study
As for any study, the current study also has its limitations. The study population majorly covered parents from urban areas of Gujarat making representation from semi-urban and rural areas less. As the survey questionnaire was in Gujarati language only, the parents who could not read Gujarati were not able to understand and reply the questions without help or researchers or volunteers. Future study may focus more on rural population and shall use language other than Gujarati leading to wider coverage and representation.
Clinical implications
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The data will serve to create basis for nationwide register of cerebral palsy patients including socio-demographic, clinical, and other important details.
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The information can help to establish associations and correlations between various socio-demographic factors, child birth-related factors, and clinical profile of cerebral palsy children.
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The data will be helpful in estimation of current burden of disease on the regional and national economy and can guide in implementation of existing policies for preventive and rehabilitative measures for cerebral palsy children.
