Skip to main content
  • Original article
  • Open access
  • Published:

Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of Kinovea software for measurement of shoulder range of motion

Abstract

Background

Goniometry is a tool used frequently for measuring and documenting range of motion (ROM) during a physical therapy examination. With modern innovations in technology, new methods other than the universal goniometer have been applied. Kinovea software is a recent video-based method that uses a virtual goniometer to obtain values for the ROM of joints. However, the software’s reliability in measuring shoulder joint ROM has not been studied.

Purpose

This study was conducted to investigate the inter-rater and intrarater reliability of Kinovea software for measuring shoulder joint ROM in healthy individuals.

Materials and methods

Shoulder joint ROM was measured in 52 healthy individuals (mean±SD age was 26.7±4.2 years) using Kinovea photographic measurements by three trained raters. Intrarater reliability was examined by a single rater within the same day. Shoulder flexion, abduction, and external and internal rotation ROM were measured with the patient in supine position.

Results

The inter-rater reliability ranged from an intraclass correlation coefficient value of 0.95 to 0.98, whereas the intrarater reliability ranged from an intraclass correlation coefficient value of 0.98 to 0.99.

Conclusion

This study showed highly reliable shoulder joint ROM measurements in healthy adults using the Kinovea software.

References

  1. Gopura RARC, Kazuo K, Etsuo H. A study on human upper-limb muscles activities during daily upper-limb motions. Int J Bioelectromagn 2010; 12:54–61.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Judith GH, Judith A, Karen G, Anne S. Handbook of physical measurements. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Tubiana R, Thomine JM, Mackin E. Examination of the hand and wrist. 2nd ed. London, UK: Martin Dunitz Ltd.; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Awan R, Smith J, Boon AJ. Measuring shoulder internal rotation range of motion: a comparison of 3 techniques. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002; 83: 1229–1234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Muir SW, Corea CL, Beaupre L. Evaluating change in clinical status: reliability and measures of agreement for the assessment of glenohumeral range of motion. N Am J Sports Phys Ther 2010; 5:98–110.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Gajdosik RL, Bohannon RW. Clinical measurement of range of motion. Review of goniometry emphasizing reliability and validity. Phys Ther 1987; 67:1867–1872.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Karduna AR, McClure PW, Michener LA, Sennett B. Dynamic measurements of three-dimensional scapular kinematics: a validation study. J Biomech Eng 2001; 123:184–190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Vermeulen HM, Stokdijk M, Eilers PH, Meskers CG, Rozing PM, Vliet Vlieland TP. Measurement of three dimensional shoulder movement patterns with an electromagnetic tracking device in patients with a frozen shoulder. Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 61:115–120.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. De Winter AF, Heemskerk MA, Terwee CB, Jans MP, Devillé W, van Schaardenburg DJ, et al. Inter-observer reproducibility of measurements of range of motion in patients with shoulder pain using a digital inclinometer. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2004; 5:18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Terwee CB, deWinter AF, Scholten RJ, Jans MP, Devillé W, van Schaardenburg D, Bouter LM. Interobserver reproducibility of the visual estimation of range of motion of the shoulder. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 86:1356–1361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Nadeau S, Kovacs S, Gravel D, Piotte F, Moffet H, Gagnon D, Hébert LJ. Active movement measurements of the shoulder girdle in healthy subjects with goniometer and tape measure techniques: a study on reliability and validity. Physiother Theory Pract 2007; 23:179–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Mullaney MJ, McHugh MP, Johnson CP, Tyler TF. Reliability of shoulder range of motion comparing a goniometer to a digital level. Physiother Theory Pract 2010; 26:327–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kolber MJ, Fuller C, Marshall J, Wright A, Hanney WJ. The reliability and concurrent validity of scapular plane shoulder elevation measurements using a digital inclinometer and goniometer. Physiother Theory Pract 2012; 28:161–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Nussbaumer S, Leunig M, Glatthorn JF, Stauffacher S, Gerber H, Maffiuletti NA. Validity and test-retest reliability of manual goniometers for measuring passive hip range of motion in femoroacetabular impingement patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010; 11:194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kurillo G, Han JJ, Abresch RT, Nicorici A, Yan P, Bajcsy R. Development and application of stereo camera-based upper extremity workspace evaluation in patients with neuromuscular diseases. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45341.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Schmidt R, Disselhorst-Klug C, Silny J, Rau G. A marker-based measurement procedure for unconstrained wrist and elbow motions. J Biomech 1999; 32:615–621.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Roux E, Bouilland S, Bouttens D, Istas D, Godillon M, Lepoutre F. Evaluation of the kinematics of the shoulder and of the upper limb. In: Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference of the International Shoulder Group. Netherlands: Delft University Press; 2001. 66–71.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Klopčar N, Lenarčič J. Kinematic model for determination of human arm reachable workspace. Meccanica 2005; 40:203–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Roy JS, Moffet H, McFadyen BJ, Macdermid JC. The kinematics of upper extremity reaching: a reliability study on people with and without shoulder impingement syndrome. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol 2010; 2:8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Penning LI, Guldemond NA, de Bie RA, Walenkamp GH. Reproducibility of a 3-dimensional gyroscope in measuring shoulder anteflexion and abduction. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2012; 13:135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Guzmán-Valdivia CH, Blanco-Ortega A, Oliver-Salazar MA, Carrera-Escobedo JL. Therapeutic motion analysis of lower limbs using Kinovea. Int J Soft Comput Eng 2013; 3:359–365.

    Google Scholar 

  22. www.kinovea.org/ [Cited: 10/01/2013].

  23. Falco C, Landeo R, Menescardi C, Bermejo L, Estevan I. Match analysis in a University Taekwondo Championship. Adv J Phys Educ 2012; 2: 28–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Richardson LR. Effect of step rate on foot strike pattern and running economy in novice runners. Graduate Plan B and Reports: 287. Available at: http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports/2870.2013. [Accessed 6 September 2015].

  25. Balsalobre-Fernández C, Tejero-González CM, del Campo-Vecino J, Bavaresco N. The concurrent validity and reliability of a low-cost, highspeed camera-based method for measuring the flight time of vertical jumps. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:528–533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Baude M, Hutin E, Gracies JM. A bidimensional system of facial movement analysis conception and reliability in adults. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015: 812961.

  27. Moral-Muñoz JA, Esteban-Moreno B, Arroyo-Morales M, Cobo MJ, Herrera-Viedma E. Agreement between face-to-face and free software video analysis for assessing hamstring flexibility in adolescents. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:2661–2665.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Walter SD, Eliasziw M, Donner A. Sample size and optimal designs for reliability studies. Stat Med 1998; 17:101–110.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Narayanan S. Textbook of therapeutic exercises. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers; 2005.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  30. Jonson SR, Gross MT. Intraexaminer reliability, interexaminer reliability, and mean values for nine lower extremity skeletal measures in healthy naval midshipmen. , J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1997; 25:253–263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Damsted C, Nielsen RO, Larsen LH. Reliability of video-based quantification of the knee- and hip angle at foot strike during running. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2015; 10:147–154.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Kleban N, Mann D, Morrisoz J. Position analysis of tractor ingress and egress. The Canadian Society for Bioengineering. Available at: http://www.csbe-scgab.ca/docs/meetings/2013 [Accessed 30 June 2015]

  33. Mitchell K, Gutierrez SB, Sutton S, Morton S, Morgenthaler A. Reliability and validity of goniometric iPhone applications for the assessment of active shoulder external rotation. Physiother Theory Pract 2014; 30:521–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Werner BC, Holzgrefe RE, Griffin JW, Lyons ML, Cosgrove CT, Hart JM. Validation of an innovative method of shoulder range of motion measurement using a smartphone clinometers application. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2014; 23:275–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Portney LG, Watkins MP. Statistical measures of reliability in foundations of clinical research, applications to practice. 3rd ed. USA: Prentice Hall; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ferriero G, Sartorio F, Foti C, Primavera D, Brigatti E, Vercelli S. Reliability of a new application for smartphones (Dr Goniometer) for elbow angle measurement. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2011; 3: 1153–1154.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eman A. Embaby PhD.

Additional information

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work noncommercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Rights and permissions

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Elrahim, R.M.A., Embaby, E.A., Ali, M.F. et al. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of Kinovea software for measurement of shoulder range of motion. Bull Fac Phys Ther 21, 80–87 (2016). https://doi.org/10.4103/1110-6611.196778

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/1110-6611.196778

Keywords